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<manualpage metafile="ssl_faq.xml.meta">
<parentdocument href="./">SSL/TLS</parentdocument>

  <title>SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: FAQ</title>

<summary>
<blockquote>
<p>The wise man doesn't give the right answers,
he poses the right questions.</p>
<p class="cite">-- <cite>Claude Levi-Strauss</cite></p>

</blockquote>
<p>This chapter is a collection of frequently asked questions (FAQ) and
corresponding answers following the popular USENET tradition. Most of these
questions occurred on the Newsgroup <code><a href="news:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix"
>comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix</a></code> or the mod_ssl Support
Mailing List <code><a href="mailto:modssl-users@modssl.org"
>modssl-users@modssl.org</a></code>. They are collected at this place
to avoid answering the same questions over and over.</p>

<p>Please read this chapter at least once when installing mod_ssl or at least
search for your problem here before submitting a problem report to the
author.</p>
</summary>

<section id="about"><title>About The Module</title>
<ul>
<li><a href="#history">What is the history of mod_ssl?</a></li>
<li><a href="#y2k">mod_ssl and Year 2000?</a></li>
<li><a href="#wassenaar">mod_ssl and Wassenaar Arrangement?</a></li>
</ul>

<section id="history"><title>What is the history of mod_ssl?</title>
<p>The mod_ssl v1 package was initially created in April 1998 by <a
    href="mailto:rse@engelschall.com">Ralf S. Engelschall</a> via porting <a
    href="mailto:ben@algroup.co.uk">Ben Laurie</a>'s <a
    href="http://www.apache-ssl.org/">Apache-SSL</a> 1.17 source patches for
    Apache 1.2.6 to Apache 1.3b6. Because of conflicts with Ben
    Laurie's development cycle it then was re-assembled from scratch for
    Apache 1.3.0 by merging the old mod_ssl 1.x with the newer Apache-SSL
    1.18. From this point on mod_ssl lived its own life as mod_ssl v2. The
    first publicly released version was mod_ssl 2.0.0 from August 10th,
    1998. As of this writing (August 1999) the current mod_ssl version 
    is 2.4.0.</p>

    
    <p>After one year of very active development with over 1000 working hours and
    over 40 releases mod_ssl reached its current state. The result is an
    already very clean source base implementing a very rich functionality.
    The code size increased by a factor of 4 to currently a total of over
    10.000 lines of ANSI C consisting of approx. 70% code and 30% code
    documentation. From the original Apache-SSL code currently approx. 5% is
    remaining only.</p>
    
    <p>After the US export restrictions for cryptographic software were
    opened, mod_ssl was integrated into the code base of Apache V2 in 2001.</p>
</section>

<section id="y2k"><title>Is mod_ssl Year 2000 compliant?</title>
<p>Yes, mod_ssl is Year 2000 compliant.</p>
    
    <p>Because first mod_ssl internally never stores years as two digits.
    Instead it always uses the ANSI C &amp; POSIX numerical data type
    <code>time_t</code> type, which on almost all Unix platforms at the moment
    is a <code>signed long</code> (usually 32-bits) representing seconds since
    epoch of January 1st, 1970, 00:00 UTC. This signed value overflows in
    early January 2038 and not in the year 2000. Second, date and time
    presentations (for instance the variable ``<code>%{TIME_YEAR}</code>'')
    are done with full year value instead of abbreviating to two digits.</p>

    
    <p>Additionally according to a <a
    href="http://www.apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html#year2000">Year 2000
    statement</a> from the Apache Group, the Apache webserver is Year 2000
    compliant, too. But whether OpenSSL or the underlying Operating System
    (either a Unix or Win32 platform) is Year 2000 compliant is a different
    question which cannot be answered here.</p>
</section>

<section id="wassenaar"><title>What about mod_ssl and the Wassenaar Arrangement?</title>
<p>First, let us explain what <dfn>Wassenaar</dfn> and its <dfn>Arrangement on
    Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and
    Technologies</dfn> is: This is a international regime, established 1995, to
    control trade in conventional arms and dual-use goods and technology. It
    replaced the previous <dfn>CoCom</dfn> regime. 33 countries are signatories:
    Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,
    Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
    Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic
    of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden,
    Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States. For more
    details look at <a
    href="http://www.wassenaar.org/">http://www.wassenaar.org/</a>.</p>

    
    <p>In short: The aim of the Wassenaar Arrangement is to prevent the build up
    of military capabilities that threaten regional and international security
    and stability. The Wassenaar Arrangement controls the export of
    cryptography as a dual-use good, i.e., one that has both military and
    civilian applications. However, the Wassenaar Arrangement also provides an
    exemption from export controls for mass-market software and free software.</p>
    
    <p>In the current Wassenaar <cite>List of Dual Use Goods and Technologies And
    Munitions</cite>, under <q>GENERAL SOFTWARE NOTE (GSN)</q> it says
    <q>The Lists do not control "software" which is either: 1. [...] 2. "in
    the public domain".</q> And under <q>DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN
    THESE LISTS</q> one can find the definition: <q>In the public
    domain": This means "technology" or "software" which has been made
    available without restrictions upon its further dissemination. N.B.
    Copyright restrictions do not remove "technology" or "software" from being
    "in the public domain".</q></p>
    
    <p>So, both mod_ssl and OpenSSL are <q>in the public domain</q> for the purposes
    of the Wassenaar Agreement and its <q>List of Dual Use Goods and
    Technologies And Munitions List</q>.</p>

    <p>So, mod_ssl and OpenSSL are not affected by the Wassenaar Agreement.</p>
</section>
</section>
<!-- /about -->

<section id="installation"><title>About Installation</title>
<ul>
<li><a href="#coredump">Core dumps for HTTPS requests?</a></li>
<li><a href="#mutex">Permission problem on SSLMutex</a></li>
<li><a href="#mm">Shared memory and process size?</a></li>
<li><a href="#entropy">PRNG and not enough entropy?</a></li>
</ul>

<section id="coredump"><title>When I access my website the first time via HTTPS I get a core dump?</title>
<p>There can be a lot of reasons why a core dump can occur, of course.
    Ranging from buggy third-party modules, over buggy vendor libraries up to
    a buggy mod_ssl version. But the above situation is often caused by old or
    broken vendor DBM libraries. To solve it either build mod_ssl with the
    built-in SDBM library (specify <code>--enable-rule=SSL_SDBM</code> at the
    APACI command line) or switch from <code>SSLSessionCache dbm:</code> to the
    newer <code>SSLSessionCache shm:</code>'' variant (after you have rebuilt
    Apache with MM, of course).</p>
</section>

<section id="mutex"><title>When I startup Apache I get permission errors related to SSLMutex?</title>
<p>When you receive entries like ``<code>mod_ssl: Child could not open
    SSLMutex lockfile /opt/apache/logs/ssl_mutex.18332 (System error follows)
    [...] System: Permission denied (errno: 13)</code>'' this is usually
    caused by to restrictive permissions on the <em>parent</em> directories.
    Make sure that all parent directories (here <code>/opt</code>,
    <code>/opt/apache</code> and <code>/opt/apache/logs</code>) have the x-bit
    set at least for the UID under which Apache's children are running (see
    the <directive module="mpm_common">User</directive> directive of Apache).</p>
</section>

<section id="mm"><title>When I use the MM library and the shared memory cache each process grows
1.5MB according to `top' although I specified 512000 as the cache size?</title>
<p>The additional 1MB are caused by the global shared memory pool Apache
    allocates for all modules and which is not used by mod_ssl for
    various reasons. So the actually allocated shared memory is always
    1MB more than what you specify on <directive module="mod_ssl">SSLSessionCache</directive>.
    But don't be confused by the display of `top': although is
    indicates that <em>each</em> process grow, this is not reality, of
    course. Instead the additional memory consumption is shared by
    all processes, i.e. the 1.5MB are allocated only once per Apache
    instance and not once per Apache server process.</p>
</section>

<section id="entropy"><title>When I fire up the server, mod_ssl stops with the error
"Failed to generate temporary 512 bit RSA private key", why?</title>
<p>Cryptographic software needs a source of unpredictable data
    to work correctly. Many open source operating systems provide
    a "randomness device" that serves this purpose (usually named
    <code>/dev/random</code>). On other systems, applications have to
    seed the OpenSSL Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) manually with
    appropriate data before generating keys or performing public key
    encryption. As of version 0.9.5, the OpenSSL functions that need
    randomness report an error if the PRNG has not been seeded with
    at least 128 bits of randomness. So mod_ssl has to provide enough
    entropy to the PRNG to work correctly.  For this one has to use the
    <code>SSLRandomSeed</code> directives.</p>
</section>
</section>
<!-- /installation -->

<section id="aboutconfig"><title>About Configuration</title>
<ul>
<li><a href="#parallel">HTTP and HTTPS with a single server?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ports">Where is the HTTPS port?</a></li>
<li><a href="#httpstest">How to test HTTPS manually?</a></li>
<li><a href="#hang">Why does my connection hang?</a></li>
<li><a href="#refused">Why do I get connection refused?</a></li>
<li><a href="#envvars">Why are the <code>SSL_XXX</code> variables missing?</a></li>
<li><a href="#relative">How to switch with relative hyperlinks?</a></li>
</ul>

<section id="parallel"><title>Is it possible to provide HTTP and HTTPS with a single server?</title>
<p>Yes, HTTP and HTTPS use different server ports, so there is no direct
    conflict between them. Either run two separate server instances (one binds
    to port 80, the other to port 443) or even use Apache's elegant virtual
    hosting facility where you can easily create two virtual servers which
    Apache dispatches: one responding to port 80 and speaking HTTP and one
    responding to port 443 speaking HTTPS.</p>
</section>

<section id="ports"><title>I know that HTTP is on port 80, but where is HTTPS?</title>
<p>You can run HTTPS on any port, but the standards specify port 443, which
    is where any HTTPS compliant browser will look by default. You can force
    your browser to look on a different port by specifying it in the URL like
    this (for port 666): <code>https://secure.server.dom:666/</code></p>
</section>

<section id="httpstest"><title>How can I speak HTTPS manually for testing purposes?</title>
 <p>While you usually just use</p>
    
    <example>$ telnet localhost 80<br />
    GET / HTTP/1.0</example>

    
    <p>for simple testing the HTTP protocol of Apache, it's not so easy for
    HTTPS because of the SSL protocol between TCP and HTTP. But with the
    help of OpenSSL's <code>s_client</code> command you can do a similar
    check even for HTTPS:</p>
    
    <example>$ openssl s_client -connect localhost:443 -state -debug<br />
    GET / HTTP/1.0</example>
    
    <p>Before the actual HTTP response you receive detailed information about the
    SSL handshake. For a more general command line client which directly
    understands both the HTTP and HTTPS scheme, can perform GET and POST
    methods, can use a proxy, supports byte ranges, etc. you should have a
    look at nifty <a href="http://curl.haxx.se/">cURL</a>
    tool. With it you can directly check if your Apache is running fine on
    Port 80 and 443 as following:</p>
    
    <example>$ curl http://localhost/<br />
    $ curl https://localhost/</example>
</section>

<section id="hang"><title>Why does the connection hang when I connect to my SSL-aware Apache server?</title>
<p>Because you connected with HTTP to the HTTPS port, i.e. you used an URL of
    the form ``<code>http://</code>'' instead of ``<code>https://</code>''.
    This also happens the other way round when you connect via HTTPS to a HTTP
    port, i.e. when you try to use ``<code>https://</code>'' on a server that
    doesn't support SSL (on this port). Make sure you are connecting to a
    virtual server that supports SSL, which is probably the IP associated with
    your hostname, not localhost (127.0.0.1).</p>
</section>

<section id="refused"><title>Why do I get ``Connection Refused'' messages when trying to access my freshly
installed Apache+mod_ssl server via HTTPS?</title>
<p>There can be various reasons. Some of the common mistakes is that people
    start Apache with just <code>apachectl start</code> (or
    <program>httpd</program>) instead of <code>apachectl startssl</code> (or
    <code>httpd -DSSL</code>. Or you're configuration is not correct. At
    least make sure that your <directive module="mpm_common">Listen</directive>
    directives match your <directive type="section" module="core">VirtualHost</directive>
    directives. And if all fails, please do yourself a favor and start over with the
    default configuration mod_ssl provides you.</p>
</section>

<section id="envvars"><title>In my CGI programs and SSI scripts the various documented
<code>SSL_XXX</code> variables do not exist. Why?</title>
<p>Just make sure you have ``<code>SSLOptions +StdEnvVars</code>''
    enabled for the context of your CGI/SSI requests.</p>
</section>

<section id="relative">
<title>How can I use relative hyperlinks to switch between HTTP and
HTTPS?</title>
    <p>Usually you have to use fully-qualified hyperlinks because
    you have to change the URL scheme. But with the help of some URL
    manipulations through mod_rewrite you can achieve the same effect while
    you still can use relative URLs:</p>
    <example>
    RewriteEngine on<br />
    RewriteRule   ^/(.*):SSL$   https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [R,L]<br />
    RewriteRule   ^/(.*):NOSSL$ http://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1  [R,L]
    </example>

    <p>This rewrite ruleset lets you use hyperlinks of the form
    <code>&lt;a href="document.html:SSL"&gt;</code></p>
</section>
</section>
<!-- configuration -->

<section id="aboutcerts"><title>About Certificates</title>
<ul>
<li><a href="#keyscerts">What are Keys, CSRs and Certs?</a></li>
<li><a href="#startup">Difference on startup?</a></li>
<li><a href="#realcert">How to create a real cert?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ownca">How to create my own CA?</a></li>
<li><a href="#passphrase">How to change a pass phrase?</a></li>
<li><a href="#removepassphrase">How to remove a pass phrase?</a></li>
<li><a href="#verify">How to verify a key/cert pair?</a></li>
<li><a href="#badcert">Bad Certificate Error?</a></li>
<li><a href="#keysize">Why does a 2048-bit key not work?</a></li>
<li><a href="#hashsymlinks">Why is client auth broken?</a></li>
<li><a href="#pemder">How to convert from PEM to DER?</a></li>
<li><a href="#verisign">Verisign and the magic getca program?</a></li>
<li><a href="#sgc">Global IDs or SGC?</a></li>
<li><a href="#gid">Global IDs and Cert Chain?</a></li>
</ul>

<section id="keyscerts"><title>What are RSA Private Keys, CSRs and Certificates?</title>
<p>The RSA private key file is a digital file that you can use to decrypt
    messages sent to you. It has a public component which you distribute (via
    your Certificate file) which allows people to encrypt those messages to
    you. A Certificate Signing Request (CSR) is a digital file which contains
    your public key and your name. You send the CSR to a Certifying Authority
    (CA) to be converted into a real Certificate. A Certificate contains your
    RSA public key, your name, the name of the CA, and is digitally signed by
    your CA. Browsers that know the CA can verify the signature on that
    Certificate, thereby obtaining your RSA public key. That enables them to
    send messages which only you can decrypt.
    See the <a href="ssl_intro.html">Introduction</a> chapter for a general
    description of the SSL protocol.</p>
</section>

<section id="startup"><title>Seems like there is a difference on startup between the original Apache and an SSL-aware Apache?</title>
<p>Yes, in general, starting Apache with a built-in mod_ssl is just like
    starting an unencumbered Apache, except for the fact that when you have a
    pass phrase on your SSL private key file. Then a startup dialog pops up
    asking you to enter the pass phrase.</p>
    
    <p>To type in the pass phrase manually when starting the server can be
    problematic, for instance when starting the server from the system boot
    scripts. As an alternative to this situation you can follow the steps
    below under ``How can I get rid of the pass-phrase dialog at Apache
    startup time?''.</p>
</section>

<section id="realcert"><title>Ok, I've got my server installed and want to create a real SSL
server Certificate for it. How do I do it?</title>
<p>Here is a step-by-step description:</p>
    
    <ol>
    <li>Make sure OpenSSL is really installed and in your <code>PATH</code>.
        But some commands even work ok when you just run the
        ``<code>openssl</code>'' program from within the OpenSSL source tree as
        ``<code>./apps/openssl</code>''.<br />

        <br />
    </li>
    <li>Create a RSA private key for your Apache server
       (will be Triple-DES encrypted and PEM formatted):<br />
       <br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024</strong></code><br />
       <br />
       Please backup this <code>server.key</code> file and remember the
       pass-phrase you had to enter at a secure location.
       You can see the details of this RSA private key via the command:<br />

       <br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key</strong></code><br />
       <br />
       And you could create a decrypted PEM version (not recommended)
       of this RSA private key via:<br />
       <br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.key.unsecure</strong></code><br />
       <br />

    </li>
    <li>Create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) with the server RSA private
       key (output will be PEM formatted):<br />
       <br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr</strong></code><br />
       <br />
       Make sure you enter the FQDN ("Fully Qualified Domain Name") of the
       server when OpenSSL prompts you for the "CommonName", i.e. when you
       generate a CSR for a website which will be later accessed via
       <code>https://www.foo.dom/</code>, enter "www.foo.dom" here.
       You can see the details of this CSR via the command<br />

       <br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl req -noout -text -in server.csr</strong></code><br />
       <br />
    </li>
    <li>You now have to send this Certificate Signing Request (CSR) to
       a Certifying Authority (CA) for signing. The result is then a real
       Certificate which can be used for Apache. Here you have two options:
       First you can let the CSR sign by a commercial CA like Verisign or
       Thawte. Then you usually have to post the CSR into a web form, pay for
       the signing and await the signed Certificate you then can store into a
       server.crt file. For more information about commercial CAs have a look
       at the following locations:<br />
       <br />
       <ol>
       <li>  Verisign<br />

             <a href="http://digitalid.verisign.com/server/apacheNotice.htm">
             http://digitalid.verisign.com/server/apacheNotice.htm
             </a>
       </li>
       <li>  Thawte Consulting<br />
             <a href="http://www.thawte.com/certs/server/request.html">
             http://www.thawte.com/certs/server/request.html
             </a>
       </li>

       <li>  CertiSign Certificadora Digital Ltda.<br />
             <a href="http://www.certisign.com.br">
             http://www.certisign.com.br
             </a>
       </li>
       <li>  IKS GmbH<br />
             <a href="http://www.iks-jena.de/produkte/ca/">

             http://www.iks-jena.de/produkte/ca/
             </a>
       </li>
       <li>  Uptime Commerce Ltd.<br />
             <a href="http://www.uptimecommerce.com">
             http://www.uptimecommerce.com
             </a>
       </li>
       <li>  BelSign NV/SA<br />

             <a href="http://www.belsign.be">
             http://www.belsign.be
             </a>
       </li>
       </ol>

       Second you can use your own CA and now have to sign the CSR yourself by
       this CA. Read the next answer in this FAQ on how to sign a CSR with
       your CA yourself.
       You can see the details of the received Certificate via the command:<br />
       <br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crt</strong></code><br />

    </li>
    <li>Now you have two files: <code>server.key</code> and
    <code>server.crt</code>. These now can be used as following inside your
    Apache's <code>httpd.conf</code> file:
       <pre>
       SSLCertificateFile    /path/to/this/server.crt
       SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/this/server.key
       </pre>
       The <code>server.csr</code> file is no longer needed.
    </li>

    </ol>
</section>

<section id="ownca"><title>How can I create and use my own Certificate Authority (CA)?</title>
    <p>The short answer is to use the <code>CA.sh</code> or <code>CA.pl</code>

    script provided by OpenSSL. The long and manual answer is this:</p>
    
    <ol>
    <li>Create a RSA private key for your CA
       (will be Triple-DES encrypted and PEM formatted):<br />
       <br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out ca.key 1024</strong></code><br />
       <br />
       Please backup this <code>ca.key</code> file and remember the
       pass-phrase you currently entered at a secure location.
       You can see the details of this RSA private key via the command<br />

       <br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in ca.key</strong></code><br />
       <br />
       And you can create a decrypted PEM version (not recommended) of this
       private key via:<br />
       <br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -in ca.key -out ca.key.unsecure</strong></code><br />
       <br />

    </li>
    <li>Create a self-signed CA Certificate (X509 structure)
       with the RSA key of the CA (output will be PEM formatted):<br />
       <br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ca.key -out ca.crt</strong></code><br />
       <br />
       You can see the details of this Certificate via the command:<br />
       <br />

       <code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in ca.crt</strong></code><br />
       <br />
    </li>
    <li>Prepare a script for signing which is needed because
       the ``<code>openssl ca</code>'' command has some strange requirements
       and the default OpenSSL config doesn't allow one easily to use
       ``<code>openssl ca</code>'' directly. So a script named
       <code>sign.sh</code> is distributed with the mod_ssl distribution
       (subdir <code>pkg.contrib/</code>). Use this script for signing.
    </li>

    <li>Now you can use this CA to sign server CSR's in order to create real
       SSL Certificates for use inside an Apache webserver (assuming
       you already have a <code>server.csr</code> at hand):<br />
       <br />
       <code><strong>$ ./sign.sh server.csr</strong></code><br />
       <br />
       This signs the server CSR and results in a <code>server.crt</code> file.<br />

    </li>
    </ol>

</section>

<section id="passphrase"><title>How can I change the pass-phrase on my private key file?</title>
<p>You simply have to read it with the old pass-phrase and write it again
    by specifying the new pass-phrase. You can accomplish this with the following
    commands:</p>

    
    <p><code><strong>$ openssl rsa -des3 -in server.key -out server.key.new</strong></code><br />
    <code><strong>$ mv server.key.new server.key</strong></code><br /></p>
    
    <p>Here you're asked two times for a PEM pass-phrase. At the first
    prompt enter the old pass-phrase and at the second prompt
    enter the new pass-phrase.</p>
</section>

<section id="removepassphrase"><title>How can I get rid of the pass-phrase dialog at Apache startup time?</title>
<p>The reason why this dialog pops up at startup and every re-start
    is that the RSA private key inside your server.key file is stored in
    encrypted format for security reasons. The pass-phrase is needed to be
    able to read and parse this file. When you can be sure that your server is
    secure enough you perform two steps:</p>
    
    <ol>
    <li>Remove the encryption from the RSA private key (while
       preserving the original file):<br />
       <br />
       <code><strong>$ cp server.key server.key.org</strong></code><br />
       <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -in server.key.org -out server.key</strong></code><br />

       <br />
    </li>
    <li>Make sure the server.key file is now only readable by root:<br />
       <br />
       <code><strong>$ chmod 400 server.key</strong></code><br />
       <br />
    </li>
    </ol>

    <p>Now <code>server.key</code> will contain an unencrypted copy of the key.
    If you point your server at this file it will not prompt you for a
    pass-phrase. HOWEVER, if anyone gets this key they will be able to
    impersonate you on the net. PLEASE make sure that the permissions on that
    file are really such that only root or the web server user can read it
    (preferably get your web server to start as root but run as another
    server, and have the key readable only by root).</p>
    
    <p>As an alternative approach you can use the ``<code>SSLPassPhraseDialog
    exec:/path/to/program</code>'' facility. But keep in mind that this is
    neither more nor less secure, of course.</p>
</section>

<section id="verify"><title>How do I verify that a private key matches its Certificate?</title>
<p>The private key contains a series of numbers. Two of those numbers form
    the "public key", the others are part of your "private key". The "public
    key" bits are also embedded in your Certificate (we get them from your
    CSR). To check that the public key in your cert matches the public
    portion of your private key, you need to view the cert and the key and
    compare the numbers. To view the Certificate and the key run the
    commands:</p>
    
    <p><code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crt</strong></code><br />
    <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key</strong></code></p>
    
    <p>The `modulus' and the `public exponent' portions in the key and the
    Certificate must match. But since the public exponent is usually 65537
    and it's bothering comparing long modulus you can use the following
    approach:</p>

    
    <p><code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -modulus -in server.crt | openssl md5</strong></code><br />
    <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -modulus -in server.key | openssl md5</strong></code></p>
    
    <p>And then compare these really shorter numbers. With overwhelming
    probability they will differ if the keys are different. BTW, if I want to
    check to which key or certificate a particular CSR belongs you can compute</p>
    
    <p><code><strong>$ openssl req -noout -modulus -in server.csr | openssl md5</strong></code></p>
</section>

<section id="badcert"><title>What does it mean when my connections fail with an "alert bad certificate"
error?</title>
<p>Usually when you see errors like <code>OpenSSL: error:14094412: SSL
    routines:SSL3_READ_BYTES:sslv3 alert bad certificate</code> in the SSL
    logfile, this means that the browser was unable to handle the server
    certificate/private-key which perhaps contain a RSA-key not equal to 1024
    bits. For instance Netscape Navigator 3.x is one of those browsers.</p>
</section>

<section id="keysize"><title>Why does my 2048-bit private key not work?</title>
<p>The private key sizes for SSL must be either 512 or 1024 for compatibility
    with certain web browsers. A keysize of 1024 bits is recommended because
    keys larger than 1024 bits are incompatible with some versions of Netscape
    Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer, and with other browsers that
    use RSA's BSAFE cryptography toolkit.</p>
</section>

<section id="hashsymlinks"><title>Why is client authentication broken after upgrading from
SSLeay version 0.8 to 0.9?</title>
<p>The CA certificates under the path you configured with
    <code>SSLCACertificatePath</code> are found by SSLeay through hash
    symlinks. These hash values are generated by the `<code>openssl x509 -noout
    -hash</code>' command. But the algorithm used to calculate the hash for a
    certificate has changed between SSLeay 0.8 and 0.9. So you have to remove
    all old hash symlinks and re-create new ones after upgrading. Use the
    <code>Makefile</code> mod_ssl placed into this directory.</p>
</section>

<section id="pemder"><title>How can I convert a certificate from PEM to DER format?</title>
<p>The default certificate format for SSLeay/OpenSSL is PEM, which actually
    is Base64 encoded DER with header and footer lines. For some applications
    (e.g. Microsoft Internet Explorer) you need the certificate in plain DER
    format. You can convert a PEM file <code>cert.pem</code> into the
    corresponding DER file <code>cert.der</code> with the following command:
    <code><strong>$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -out cert.der -outform DER</strong></code></p>
</section>

<section id="verisign"><title>I try to install a Verisign certificate. Why can't I find neither the
<code>getca</code> nor <code>getverisign</code> programs Verisign mentions?</title>
<p>This is because Verisign has never provided specific instructions
    for Apache+mod_ssl. Rather they tell you what you should do
    if you were using C2Net's Stronghold (a commercial Apache
    based server with SSL support). The only thing you have to do
    is to save the certificate into a file and give the name of
    that file to the <code>SSLCertificateFile</code> directive.
    Remember that you need to give the key file in as well (see
    <code>SSLCertificateKeyFile</code> directive). For a better
    CA-related overview on SSL certificate fiddling you can look at <a
    href="http://www.thawte.com/html/SUPPORT/server/softwaredocs/modssl.html">Thawte's mod_ssl instructions</a>.</p>
</section>

<section id="sgc"><title>Can I use the Server Gated Cryptography (SGC) facility (aka Verisign Global
ID) also with mod_ssl?</title>
<p>Yes, mod_ssl since version 2.1 supports the SGC facility. You don't have
    to configure anything special for this, just use a Global ID as your
    server certificate. The <em>step up</em> of the clients are then
    automatically handled by mod_ssl under run-time. For details please read
    the <code>README.GlobalID</code> document in the mod_ssl distribution.</p>
</section>

<section id="gid"><title>After I have installed my new Verisign Global ID server certificate, the
browsers complain that they cannot verify the server certificate?</title>
<p>That is because Verisign uses an intermediate CA certificate between
    the root CA certificate (which is installed in the browsers) and
    the server certificate (which you installed in the server). You
    should have received this additional CA certificate from Verisign.
    If not, complain to them. Then configure this certificate with the
    <code>SSLCertificateChainFile</code> directive in the server. This
    makes sure the intermediate CA certificate is send to the browser
    and this way fills the gap in the certificate chain.</p>
</section>
</section>
<!-- /certs -->

<section id="aboutssl"><title>About SSL Protocol</title>
<ul>
<li><a href="#random">Random SSL errors under heavy load?</a></li>
<li><a href="#load">Why has the server a higher load?</a></li>
<li><a href="#establishing">Why are connections horribly slow?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ciphers">Which ciphers are supported?</a></li>
<li><a href="#adh">How to use Anonymous-DH ciphers</a></li>
<li><a href="#sharedciphers">Why do I get 'no shared ciphers'?</a></li>
<li><a href="#vhosts">HTTPS and name-based vhosts</a></li>
<li><a href="#vhosts2">Why is it not possible to use Name-Based Virtual
Hosting to identify different SSL virtual hosts?</a></li>
<li><a href="#lockicon">The lock icon in Netscape locks very late</a></li>
<li><a href="#msie">Why do I get I/O errors with MSIE clients?</a></li>
<li><a href="#nn">Why do I get I/O errors with NS clients?</a></li>
</ul>

<section id="random"><title>Why do I get lots of random SSL protocol errors under heavy server load?</title>
<p>There can be a number of reasons for this, but the main one
    is problems with the SSL session Cache specified by the
    <directive module="mod_ssl">SSLSessionCache</directive> directive. The DBM session
    cache is most likely the source of the problem, so trying the SHM session cache or
    no cache at all may help.</p>
</section>

<section id="load"><title>Why has my webserver a higher load now that I run SSL there?</title>
<p>Because SSL uses strong cryptographic encryption and this needs a lot of
    number crunching. And because when you request a webpage via HTTPS even
    the images are transferred encrypted. So, when you have a lot of HTTPS
    traffic the load increases.</p>
</section>

<section id="establishing"><title>Often HTTPS connections to my server require up to 30 seconds for establishing
the connection, although sometimes it works faster?</title>
<p>Usually this is caused by using a <code>/dev/random</code> device for
    <code>SSLRandomSeed</code> which is blocking in read(2) calls if not
    enough entropy is available. Read more about this problem in the reference
    chapter under <code>SSLRandomSeed</code>.</p>
</section>

<section id="ciphers"><title>What SSL Ciphers are supported by mod_ssl?</title>
<p>Usually just all SSL ciphers which are supported by the
    version of OpenSSL in use (can depend on the way you built
    OpenSSL). Typically this at least includes the following:</p>
    
    <ol>
    <li>RC4 with MD5</li>

    <li>RC4 with MD5 (export version restricted to 40-bit key)</li>
    <li>RC2 with MD5</li>
    <li>RC2 with MD5 (export version restricted to 40-bit key)</li>
    <li>IDEA with MD5</li>
    <li>DES with MD5</li>
    <li>Triple-DES with MD5</li>

    </ol>
    
    <p>To determine the actual list of supported ciphers you can
    run the following command:</p>
    <example>$ openssl ciphers -v</example>
</section>

<section id="adh"><title>I want to use Anonymous Diffie-Hellman (ADH) ciphers, but I always get ``no
shared cipher'' errors?</title>
<p>In order to use Anonymous Diffie-Hellman (ADH) ciphers, it is not enough
    to just put ``<code>ADH</code>'' into your <code>SSLCipherSuite</code>.
    Additionally you have to build OpenSSL with
    ``<code>-DSSL_ALLOW_ADH</code>''. Because per default OpenSSL does not
    allow ADH ciphers for security reasons. So if you are actually enabling
    these ciphers make sure you are informed about the side-effects.</p>
</section>

<section id="sharedciphers"><title>I always just get a 'no shared ciphers' error if
I try to connect to my freshly installed server?</title>
<p>Either you have messed up your <code>SSLCipherSuite</code>
    directive (compare it with the pre-configured example in
    <code>httpd.conf-dist</code>) or you have chosen the DSA/DH
    algorithms instead of RSA when you generated your private key
    and ignored or overlooked the warnings.  If you have chosen
    DSA/DH, then your server no longer speaks RSA-based SSL ciphers
    (at least not until you also configure an additional RSA-based
    certificate/key pair). But current browsers like NS or IE only speak
    RSA ciphers. The result is the "no shared ciphers" error. To fix
    this, regenerate your server certificate/key pair and this time
    choose the RSA algorithm.</p>
</section>

<section id="vhosts"><title>Why can't I use SSL with name-based/non-IP-based virtual hosts?</title>
<p>The reason is very technical. Actually it's some sort of a chicken and
    egg problem: The SSL protocol layer stays below the HTTP protocol layer
    and encapsulates HTTP. When an SSL connection (HTTPS) is established
    Apache/mod_ssl has to negotiate the SSL protocol parameters with the
    client. For this mod_ssl has to consult the configuration of the virtual
    server (for instance it has to look for the cipher suite, the server
    certificate, etc.). But in order to dispatch to the correct virtual server
    Apache has to know the <code>Host</code> HTTP header field. For this the
    HTTP request header has to be read. This cannot be done before the SSL
    handshake is finished. But the information is already needed at the SSL
    handshake phase. Bingo!</p>
</section>

<section id="vhosts2"><title>Why is it not possible to use Name-Based
Virtual Hosting to identify different SSL virtual hosts?</title>
    <p>Name-Based Virtual Hosting is a very popular method of identifying
    different virtual hosts. It allows you to use the same IP address and
    the same port number for many different sites. When people move on to
    SSL, it seems natural to assume that the same method can be used to have
    lots of different SSL virtual hosts on the same server.</p>

    <p>It comes as rather a shock to learn that it is impossible.</p> 

    <p>The reason is that the SSL protocol is a separate layer which
    encapsulates the HTTP protocol. So the problem is that the SSL session
    is a separate transaction that takes place before the HTTP session even
    starts. Therefore all the server receives is an SSL request on IP
    address X and port Y (usually 443). Since the SSL request does not
    contain any Host: field, the server has no way to decide which SSL
    virtual host to use. Usually, it will just use the first one it finds
    that matches the port and IP address.</p> 

    <p>You can, of course, use Name-Based Virtual Hosting to identify many
    non-SSL virtual hosts (all on port 80, for example) and then you can
    have no more than 1 SSL virtual host (on port 443). But if you do this,
    you must make sure to put the non-SSL port number on the NameVirtualHost
    directive, e.g.</p> 

    <example>
      NameVirtualHost 192.168.1.1:80
    </example>
    
    <p>Other workaround solutions are: </p>

    <p>Use separate IP addresses for different SSL hosts. 
    Use different port numbers for different SSL hosts.</p> 
</section>

<section id="lockicon"><title>When I use Basic Authentication over HTTPS the lock icon in Netscape browsers
still shows the unlocked state when the dialog pops up. Does this mean the
username/password is still transmitted unencrypted?</title>
<p>No, the username/password is already transmitted encrypted. The icon in
    Netscape browsers is just not really synchronized with the SSL/TLS layer
    (it toggles to the locked state when the first part of the actual webpage
    data is transferred which is not quite correct) and this way confuses
    people. The Basic Authentication facility is part of the HTTP layer and
    this layer is above the SSL/TLS layer in HTTPS. And before any HTTP data
    communication takes place in HTTPS the SSL/TLS layer has already done the
    handshake phase and switched to encrypted communication. So, don't get
    confused by this icon.</p>
</section>

<section id="msie"><title>When I connect via HTTPS to an Apache+mod_ssl+OpenSSL server with Microsoft Internet
Explorer (MSIE) I get various I/O errors. What is the reason?</title>
<p>The first reason is that the SSL implementation in some MSIE versions has
    some subtle bugs related to the HTTP keep-alive facility and the SSL close
    notify alerts on socket connection close. Additionally the interaction
    between SSL and HTTP/1.1 features are problematic with some MSIE versions,
    too. You've to work-around these problems by forcing
    Apache+mod_ssl+OpenSSL to not use HTTP/1.1, keep-alive connections or
    sending the SSL close notify messages to MSIE clients. This can be done by
    using the following directive in your SSL-aware virtual host section:</p>
    <example>
    SetEnvIf User-Agent ".*MSIE.*" \<br />
             nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \<br />
             downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0
    </example>
    <p>Additionally it is known some MSIE versions have also problems
    with particular ciphers. Unfortunately one cannot workaround these
    bugs only for those MSIE particular clients, because the ciphers
    are already used in the SSL handshake phase. So a MSIE-specific
    <directive module="mod_setenvif">SetEnvIf</directive> doesn't work
    to solve these problems. Instead one has to do more drastic
    adjustments to the global parameters. But before you decide to do
    this, make sure your clients really have problems. If not, do not
    do this, because it affects all(!) your clients, i.e., also your
    non-MSIE clients.</p>

    <p>The next problem is that 56bit export versions of MSIE 5.x browsers have a
    broken SSLv3 implementation which badly interacts with OpenSSL versions
    greater than 0.9.4. You can either accept this and force your clients to
    upgrade their browsers, or you downgrade to OpenSSL 0.9.4 (hmmm), or you
    can decide to workaround it by accepting the drawback that your workaround
    will horribly affect also other browsers:</p>
    <example>SSLProtocol all -SSLv3</example>
    <p>This completely disables the SSLv3 protocol and lets those browsers work.
    But usually this is an even less acceptable workaround. A more reasonable
    workaround is to address the problem more closely and disable only the
    ciphers which cause trouble.</p>
    <example><p><code>SSLCipherSuite
    ALL:!ADH:<strong>!EXPORT56</strong>:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP</code>
    </p></example>

    <p>This also lets the broken MSIE versions work, but only removes the
    newer 56bit TLS ciphers.</p>
    
    <p>Another problem with MSIE 5.x clients is that they refuse to connect to
    URLs of the form <code>https://12.34.56.78/</code> (IP-addresses are used
    instead of the hostname), if the server is using the Server Gated
    Cryptography (SGC) facility. This can only be avoided by using the fully
    qualified domain name (FQDN) of the website in hyperlinks instead, because
    MSIE 5.x has an error in the way it handles the SGC negotiation.</p>
    
    <p>And finally there are versions of MSIE which seem to require that
    an SSL session can be reused (a totally non standard-conforming
    behaviour, of course). Connection with those MSIE versions only work
    if a SSL session cache is used. So, as a work-around, make sure you
    are using a session cache (see <directive module="mod_ssl"
    >SSLSessionCache</directive> directive).</p>
</section>

<section id="nn"><title>When I connect via HTTPS to an Apache+mod_ssl server with Netscape Navigator I
get I/O errors and the message "Netscape has encountered bad data from the
server" What's the reason?</title>
<p>
    The problem usually is that you had created a new server certificate with
    the same DN, but you had told your browser to accept forever the old
    server certificate. Once you clear the entry in your browser for the old
    certificate, everything usually will work fine. Netscape's SSL
    implementation is correct, so when you encounter I/O errors with Netscape
    Navigator it is most of the time caused by the configured certificates.</p>
</section>
</section>
<!-- /aboutssl -->

<section id="support"><title>About Support</title>
<ul>
<li><a href="#resources">Resources in case of problems?</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Support in case of problems?</a></li>
<li><a href="#reportdetails">How to write a problem report?</a></li>
<li><a href="#coredumphelp">I got a core dump, can you help me?</a></li>
<li><a href="#backtrace">How to get a backtrace?</a></li>
</ul>

<section id="resources"><title>What information resources are available in case of mod_ssl problems?</title>
<p>The following information resources are available.
    In case of problems you should search here first.</p>

    <dl>
    <dt>Answers in the User Manual's F.A.Q. List (this)</dt>
    <dd><a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/ssl/ssl_faq.html">
        http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/ssl/ssl_faq.html</a><br />
        First look inside the F.A.Q. (this text), perhaps your problem is such
        popular that it was already answered a lot of times in the past.
    </dd>
    <dt>Postings from the modssl-users Support Mailing List
        <a href="http://www.modssl.org/support/"
        >http://www.modssl.org/support/</a></dt>
    <dd>Second search for your problem in one of the existing archives of the
        modssl-users mailing list. Perhaps your problem popped up at least once for
        another user, too.
    </dd>
    </dl>
</section>

<section id="contact"><title>What support contacts are available in case of mod_ssl problems?</title>
 <p>The following lists all support possibilities for mod_ssl, in order of
    preference, i.e. start in this order and do not pick the support possibility
    you just like most, please.</p>

    <ol>
    <li><em>Write a Problem Report into the Bug Database</em><br />
        <a href="http://www.modssl.org/support/bugdb/">
        http://www.modssl.org/support/bugdb/</a><br />
        This is the preferred way of submitting your problem report, because this
        way it gets filed into the bug database (it cannot be lost) <em>and</em>
        send to the modssl-users mailing list (others see the current problems and
        learn from answers).
    </li>

    <li><em>Write a Problem Report to the modssl-users Support Mailing List</em><br />
        <a href="mailto:modssl-users@modssl.org">
        modssl-users@modssl.org</a><br />
        This is the second way of submitting your problem report. You have to
        subscribe to the list first, but then you can easily discuss your problem
        with both the author and the whole mod_ssl user community.
    </li>
    </ol>
</section>

<section id="reportdetails"><title>What information and details should I
	provide when writing a bug report?</title>
<p>You have to at least always provide the following information:</p>

    <dl>
    <dt>Apache and OpenSSL version information</dt>
    <dd>The Apache version can be determined
        by running <code>httpd -v</code>. The OpenSSL version can be
        determined by running <code>openssl version</code>. Alternatively when
        you have Lynx installed you can run the command <code>lynx -mime_header
        http://localhost/ | grep Server</code> to determine all information in a
        single step.
    </dd>

    <dt>The details on how you built and installed Apache+mod_ssl+OpenSSL</dt>
    <dd>For this you can provide a logfile of your terminal session which shows
        the configuration and install steps. Alternatively you can at least
        provide the <program>configure</program> command line you used.
    </dd>

    <dt>In case of core dumps please include a Backtrace</dt>
    <dd>In case your Apache+mod_ssl+OpenSSL should really dump core please attach
        a stack-frame ``backtrace'' (see the next question on how to get it).
        Without this information the reason for your core dump cannot be found.
        So you have to provide the backtrace, please.
    </dd>
    
    <dt>A detailed description of your problem</dt>
    <dd>Don't laugh, I'm totally serious. I already got a lot of problem reports
        where the people not really said what's the actual problem is. So, in your
        own interest (you want the problem be solved, don't you?) include as much
        details as possible, please. But start with the essentials first, of
        course.
    </dd>
    </dl>
</section>

<section id="coredumphelp"><title>I got a core dump, can you help me?</title>
<p>In general no, at least not unless you provide more details about the code
    location where Apache dumped core. What is usually always required in
    order to help you is a backtrace (see next question). Without this
    information it is mostly impossible to find the problem and help you in
    fixing it.</p>
</section>

<section id="backtrace"><title>Ok, I got a core dump but how do I get a backtrace to find out the reason for it?</title>
<p>Follow the following steps:</p>
    <ol>
    <li>Make sure you have debugging symbols available in at least
        Apache. On platforms where you use GCC/GDB you have to build
        Apache+mod_ssl with ``<code>OPTIM="-g -ggdb3"</code>'' to achieve this. On
        other platforms at least ``<code>OPTIM="-g"</code>'' is needed.
    </li>

    <li>Startup the server and try to produce the core-dump. For this you perhaps
        want to use a directive like ``<code>CoreDumpDirectory /tmp</code>'' to
        make sure that the core-dump file can be written. You then should get a
        <code>/tmp/core</code> or <code>/tmp/httpd.core</code> file. When you
        don't get this, try to run your server under an UID != 0 (root), because
        most "current" kernels do not allow a process to dump core after it has
        done a <code>setuid()</code> (unless it does an <code>exec()</code>) for
        security reasons (there can be privileged information left over in
        memory). Additionally you can run <code>/path/to/httpd -X</code>
        manually to force Apache to not fork.
    </li>

    <li>Analyze the core-dump. For this run <code>gdb /path/to/httpd
        /tmp/httpd.core</code> or a similar command has to run. In GDB you then
        just have to enter the <code>bt</code> command and, voila, you get the
        backtrace. For other debuggers consult your local debugger manual. Send
        this backtrace to the author.
    </li>
    </ol>
</section>
</section>
</manualpage>
